Battery Profiles

Accurate route planning requires understanding how EV batteries behave under different conditions. This guide explains battery modeling in EVRP.

Charging Curves

EV batteries don't charge at a constant rate. Charging speed varies with state of charge (SOC):

Charging Power (kW)
     ^
 250 |████████████
     |            ████
 150 |                ████
     |                    ████
  50 |                        ████████
     +---------------------------------> SOC (%)
     0   20   40   60   80   100

Typical Charging Phases

SOC Range	Charging Rate	Duration
0-20%	Near peak	Fast
20-50%	Peak rate	Fastest
50-80%	Declining	Moderate
80-100%	Heavily throttled	Slow

This is why EVRP often recommends charging to 60-80% rather than 100% - the time to add the last 20% often exceeds the time for the first 60%.

Defining Custom Charge Curves

Provide charge curves as SOC/rate pairs:

{
  "vehicle": {
    "custom_profile": {
      "charge_curve": [
        { "soc": 0, "rate_kw": 180 },
        { "soc": 10, "rate_kw": 250 },
        { "soc": 30, "rate_kw": 250 },
        { "soc": 50, "rate_kw": 200 },
        { "soc": 70, "rate_kw": 120 },
        { "soc": 80, "rate_kw": 60 },
        { "soc": 90, "rate_kw": 30 },
        { "soc": 95, "rate_kw": 15 }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Temperature Effects on Charging

Battery temperature significantly impacts charging speed:

Cold Batteries

Cold batteries charge slower and may require preconditioning:

{
  "conditions": {
    "battery_temp_celsius": 5,
    "precondition_enabled": true
  }
}

Battery Temp	Charging Impact
Below 0°C	50-70% reduced rate
0-10°C	20-40% reduced rate
10-25°C	Optimal charging
Above 40°C	May throttle for safety

Battery Preconditioning

When available, EVRP can factor in preconditioning:

{
  "preferences": {
    "enable_preconditioning": true,
    "precondition_target_temp_celsius": 25
  }
}

The route will account for:

Energy used for preconditioning
Improved charging speed at stops
Time savings from faster charging

Battery Degradation

Account for battery wear over time:

{
  "vehicle": {
    "model": "tesla_model_3_lr",
    "battery_health_percent": 92,
    "current_soc_percent": 80
  }
}

A battery at 92% health with 82 kWh capacity effectively has ~75 kWh usable.

Estimating Battery Health

Vehicle Age	Typical Health
New	100%
2 years / 25k mi	95-98%
4 years / 50k mi	90-95%
6 years / 75k mi	85-92%

Consumption Modeling

Energy consumption varies with driving conditions:

Base Consumption

{
  "vehicle": {
    "custom_profile": {
      "consumption_wh_per_km": {
        "city": 140,
        "highway_60mph": 170,
        "highway_70mph": 195,
        "highway_80mph": 230
      }
    }
  }
}

Dynamic Factors

EVRP adjusts consumption for:

Elevation: +~10 Wh/km per 100m climb
Wind: Headwind increases consumption, tailwind decreases
Temperature: HVAC load in extreme conditions
Rain: Slight increase due to road resistance
Payload: Additional weight increases consumption

Regenerative Braking

Model regeneration efficiency:

{
  "vehicle": {
    "custom_profile": {
      "regen_efficiency_percent": 65,
      "regen_max_power_kw": 70
    }
  }
}

Regeneration recovers energy during:

Deceleration
Downhill grades
Stop-and-go traffic

Battery Profiles

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